Intellectuals Orthodoxy in carrying information and loss
Jun
2010 No. 9 Yanhuang Spring magazine 1142
mm long way to go building the new culture
This article attempts to slightly equivalent to the Chinese intellectuals mm ancient disabilities, Later finish the wind flow. Since the unified Qin autocracy to establish, to the deposed Emperor only use a hundred, the thought began to be confined, hard to appear on an equal basis, the full freedom of the There is also some room for development. Chinese agricultural civilization reached the height and degree of the world's most sophisticated, enlightened despotism to adapt to the imperial system is also well-designed, highly sophisticated. so by military conquests in Central China's nomadic culture and the system been finished. Also, because the geographic characteristics that can be long-closed, I often say that the Chinese premature, precocious.
general historians of the European modern history of Europe from the mid-15th century date, because then began to bid farewell to the Renaissance and Middle Ages, religious improvement, and a variety of new ideas for later Enlightenment thinkers resources. China's modern history began in the 19th century, and since then has been extremely closed society opened a hole, from the objective criteria.
from the ancient tradition of ancient Chinese philosophy of the rich, almost simultaneously with the ancient Greece. But the philosophy of Western rationality, logic, leading to natural science, resulting in future science and development of productive forces . Chinese philosophy leads to moral and ethical and political, from the natural science, difficult to develop a market economy and industrialization.
Dynasty, various schools are independent and free. Confucius travel around the world to lobby for the adoption of his views on monarchy, a country is not, to his country, hardship, hunger, in the without any hesitation, pushed from pillar to doctrine to meet the incumbent. Although it can not be attached to the modern democratic principles and the thought of the people, but the caste system is being developed in the era of consolidation, to remind the incumbent emphasis on and the request is the autocratic monarch monarch willing or not. No wonder that the emperor there was unbearable to strong delete Extract the emperor of the deleted that . They can only be Wang Xingren justice. they pay attention to the Just be classics but also as a tool for governing the country.
Burning of the Books after Qin Shi Huang, Qin dynasty to consolidate if it might be possible formally to Domination from the Dong Han Dynasty to Confucianism, the doctrine of the rule of the Confucian orthodoxy for two millennia. Dong's intention may be to use some restraint of Confucianism on the emperor, but advocated by the Confucian virtue, line benevolence, San Outside . but Liu is definitely focused on counties against the feudal (Packet royal clan) system, and Mao is definitely focused on negative benevolent dictatorship. But for a scholar to say, or the spiritual pillar of Confucianism. whether it is ethical or ideal of the rule of extract resources from the book of Confucius and Mencius. And their only way out is political, especially after the Sui and Tang imperial line, is as Taizong said, caused by the the official. Because the only thing to settle down.
2. Duplicate section, about spineless. defenders. Gu Ming ruin the occasion of speaking in of Those of selling plasma lead car.
scheduled despite the political ideology of Confucianism one, the transmission and interpretation of Confucius and Mencius in Shuoxue Daru not in the emperor. regardless of how the emperor, Division One idea to Straight Chen, ;, not brought in or else the emperor's admonition. Gengzhi scholar, ting off competition, risking Zhijian people in generation after generation. In addition, the monarch and his subjects are seriously behind the name, the br> In the academic level, due to certain independence and less interference by the imperial power, even in the . both moving in opposition, scholars, and the College of Orthodoxy and a rich heritage play a significant role, and even developed a suspect Kong, Africa and Kong of the school. There is also a recluse of the road, in the or they want to stay away from , enjoys popular support, whether or not to do, but virtually formed a kind of spiritual yearning.
3. with more than two parallel there is another tradition, I call it . is the combined patriotism and loyalty, and loyalty is absolute, hesitation; convicted regardless of how wrong, , knowing that a good Buddhist emperor, bent on Yan Zhou Wang custody mood, writing a sentence has become eternal and convey the different interpretations, both here. to Han Yu and think he should adopt this attitude. This absolute obedience from the heart, the Confucian ethic is based on the Under that system, scholars in addition to How open-minded on behalf of the Emperor which would not tolerate the denial of my public, even the ; poison long.
subsequent changes in Western Learning
marked the beginning of modern Chinese history, to the Opium War as an opportunity to experience the ancient civilization of the increase in farming of industrial civilization, according to the old path of the intruder is no longer in culture on to be melting. These with the particularly strong, and explore active than ever before. In spirit, the traditional factors still play a role. above 1. concern for the fate of the play and 2. backbone and courage, given the new conditions, new content, driven by numerous people with lofty ideals revitalizing shed blood. In Tan, Qiu Jin and other martyrs as well *** early humans could see the spirit of this tradition. But they are not maintaining the original the court and the state has not the same thing, but to save the nation must overthrow the court, at least reinvent it. This force can bend the backbone and from the West to introduce a in his later years turned to being criticized, but his early contributions to the Enlightenment and incisive remarks can not be denied) to Liang's get rid of the Enlightenment is a constant. If we say that China has a traditional culture and the essence of foreign culture, a combination of time, that is, late 19th century to the 20th century, experienced a century of modern culture, education, journalism, publishing, and so the cause of beginning to take shape, while there in thought and knowledge at least two generations through the Western intellectuals called. Even in the Sino-Japanese War under extremely difficult conditions, culture, education does not stop, but also continue to develop, new and old with the Southwest praiseworthy can be represented by those people and things, of course, more than Southwest, and , and even assassination, but on the whole, the intellectual elite or to maintain the integrity and a value consensus. Zhang Xiruo held in the National Government's can travel back and refused to participate; Yinchu public disclosure Kung, scolded him to step down; until the civil war in 1947 is when the intoxicated party, Fu published article, dismissed by the Southwest United .1940 professor of lan entrusted to the Committee the Minister of Education Chen Li-fu was the letter written by the most embodies the spirit of this combination of tradition and modernity. That thing is the cause of the Ministry of Education directed the University to review unified curriculum and examination boycott by all the professors, the drafting commission rejected Mr Fung letter. believed to be elegant classical, apply the wise independent of the power of modern education concept, always influential. especially that if this provision apply, the University will be equivalent to a Department of Higher Education Division, University Staff, in the minds of students will not be as subject to contempt. the result of instructions on this Ministry of Education was the top back to the school to maintain their independence. here talking about a spirit. As for their own personal belief in the troubled times of different theories, at the national divide made a different choice, is another matter.
stresses culture . In recent years, introduced from abroad and from 21 century fashionable Lee Wang Yi the bottom line of good and bad. Now, strengths and weaknesses of the ; enlightenment together. Enlightenment West needs to learn is the object of anti-imperialist Western powers, raises difficult from here to resolve the conflict. so-called is interrupted by the Japanese invasion of China's modernization process, and finally overwhelmed the Enlightenment revolution.
1949 years after the the largest military success: the new government has just established 15 years, when the economy under very difficult circumstances to create the atomic bomb. in the military field with the international advanced level in the most compact; economic development take a big detour, so that to the verge of collapse in 1976 reform and opening up 30 years ago, Lai to the market economy and open to the power, have made remarkable achievements, but now has come to a turning point, sustainability problems; political reform difficult, not always a step crucial step; and culture, including the spiritual civilization, the destruction of more than construction. The damage is progressive, gradually increasing to gradually expand the scope of the 60 years is the of thinking, independent personality Once again, big change in the situation in China, resulting in an unprecedented Zhang skin of a Emperor Yubi instructions. this the of After a century of Enlightenment, has been initially established as the goal of democracy and a new culture of science, but on over two thousand years to the Qin Shi Huang grafted there, claiming to be mm Rereading the obscurantism reaching the extreme, and scholars have lost the right to independent thinking, and gradually become a habit, it lost the ability to think and confidence. , and is convinced he is right, justified, and if this confidence is gone, nothing to stick, hard to talk about moral integrity of natural and , relatives and friends, lack of sympathy and support colleagues, and completely isolated in spirit, this is the most terrible situation, like the leather out of the Catholic Religion. In the past China's imperial system, to be separated, but now it's control and the power of faith in one together, from the perspective of intellectual history of the world is retrogression.
do this depends on continuous, runs through the entire intelligentsia ; thought-reform movement. already in distress, known as Lei Haizong, Ye Qi-sun and .1950, the Yenching University, an American professor of return, the students whom off, get a piece of the branch to do a deep review. In this way, Tsinghua University, Yenching and other relations with foreign universities more launched a , fear the United States, The more academic major, high status, the more difficult followed by seeking In fact, almost the size of intellectuals today, everyone wrote numerous such a shame that their autonomy.
the contents of the main criticism is exactly the spirit of supporting scholars to the second point of the traditional mm Heavy integrity. the specific focus of criticism as: so the class crossed, against the petty bourgeois paternalism). and even encouraged to vote (the revolution) machine (change the sooner the better, do not be afraid of falling the Soviet Union. for the first time that the restructuring of higher education is seriously weakened in accordance with the Soviet model; that it was a . Many social science disciplines canceled altogether. from University of lost autonomy, the West Liberal traditions were discarded, only the production of A typical example is the world trumpeted the Soviet Union Lysenko, Michurin, China criticized the footsteps of biology mm Morgan Mendelian genetics, to suppress all dissent, and many well-known scientists to give up critical team joined the scientific truth, and to talk about Jiazhen , Hussein represented the conscience of scientists adhering to the scientific public criticism by peers. But 苏共二十大 before and after the Lysenko in the Soviet Union fell out of favor, so ordered the Chinese scientific community has begun to shift. Kezhen Academy of Sciences at the time, down. After the response to the political struggle necessary, dean of published scientific articles confirmed
Sometimes incentives and penalties, or occasionally have a more enlightened leadership, the last years have been overwhelmed .1956 Premier Zhou's Kochi was developed following a number of the party. followed by a ; enemy , Eshouchenqing. But then is Old Nine the complete elimination of industrial and commercial enterprises, farmers lost their land, then no exercise and production; paper, for one book in the above doodle mad. to the students set off humiliation, beatings, physical abuse until the killing of the teacher's unprecedented, tragic climax. in the who were killed, the whole period into the ignorance, the Chinese culture as the most havoc in Sri Lanka.
led Hayek to the planned economy an important foundation, that is, respect for the truth. In this society, most of the elements of moral mm respect for human life, respect for the weak and the universal respect for individuals, will disappear. (see Hayek, Road to Serfdom, authoritarian premise that the is entirely oriented nature of human personality while avoiding disadvantages of the humble, neither comprehensive nor fair. deeper level there are the following factors:
1. Chinese people, especially its elite, the deepest feelings of a century of national humiliation, the biggest appeal is the national unity and national prosperity. This demands more than personal honor. So, the words countless man named tears, determined to commit to the new regime, following the new leader, the other can give up and sacrifice. This is a sincere, heartfelt .1949 Fu Ying of chemists in the United States is hesitant to return home, read to the shelling of the British Liberation Army, mood is typical. Therefore, the majority of intellectuals in support of the new regime, the first is to meet the requirements of the foreign anti-power. Even if the received western education, intellectuals, not out of hope, charismatic leadership, the heroic deeds of the legendary Long March, are a huge attraction, but also enough to make people feel inferior did not participate in the revolution. In addition, the new regime began is in in sharp contrast to the old regime, it is on the dregs of society can rise against the old infinite hope. In this situation, the individual appears to be very small, unconsciously accept the orthodoxy of politics and religion do not feel Taimian Jiang. < br> 2. the Second World War and the current world situation.
were two opposing camps, one or the other. choose to stay in China is equivalent to choose to stay in a left-leaning After the war, most of the countries of China and the West is hostile relationship. the political and ideological choices on the too. enemies of the state coincides with the thinking of the enemy. Despite the avowed fall into the political sinner, feel insecure, only hard to accept the shaken the prestige of infallibility, the leaders had arranged Liu senior cadres to learn the Under China's intellectuals are particularly effective.
3. knowledge of a sin.
1949 years ago were highly educated, mostly the children of non-workers and peasants, along with the recognition of the theory of class struggle can not come out of the ; original sin , is also considered learning, with a new theory to examine their past learning. It is interesting that many people are beginning to learn Russian, but few people learning German, we can see the actual target was the Soviet Union rather than the classic Isle of Man.
4. ; Chung San culture Spirit has a deep soil, in the new climatic conditions with little experience to the extreme challenge and resist. in political campaigns in the subject no matter how unfair treatment, and even the breakup was asked the ;, or the factors. After a Jinsi round of , or comparable as through purgatory to paradise. It was the ratio of
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